To evaluate the effect of shading on a C resource in mature tea plants in the field, we investigated the physiological response of the NSC content of major sink organs under three shading treatments. A marked decrease in starch content was observed in BR and TR of mature tea plants after the second crop season, with shading intensity and duration having strong impacts, but these effects disappeared the following year (Figure 7). We also measured the starch content of tea plants subjected to excessive stress due to repeated shade cultivation that were studied previously by Takemoto and Hayashi (2019). At the bud-opening stage in the first crop season, the starch content of branches decreased in response to repeated shading but was unchanged in ML and TR (Figure 8). According to Li et al. (2020), who performed metabolic profiling, C metabolism in leaves is inhibited by long-term shading. Therefore, carbon metabolism in overstressed tea plants may be inhibited throughout the entire plant, not just the branches, even if no effect on final starch content is observed. In addition, Suzuki et al. (2013b) have reported that a lack of starch in the major sink organs of mature tea plants during the bud-opening stage leads to a decrease in the yield and quality of the next first-crop season. These results suggest that the reduction in NSC content caused by shading at the bud-opening stage might be reversed in mature tea plants by returning to conventional cultivation practice, whereas overstressed plants, which are damaged by repeated shading, are unable to recover after a return to conventional cultivation until the next crop season.
To detect candidate biomarkers reflecting the effect of repeated shade cultivation, we conducted a metabolomic analysis on the trunks of overstressed tea plants at the bud-opening stage in the first crop and mid-summer seasons. Several metabolites were significantly changed in individuals affected by shade cultivation (Figure 10B). In the mid-summer season, in particular, citrulline and betaine (glycine betaine) were remarkably highly accumulated in response to long-term shade cultivation in 6y-shading plants. Citrulline, which is a novel compatible solute, is highly accumulated in response to drought in watermelon and contributes to oxidative stress tolerance under drought as a hydroxyl radical scavenger (Akashi et al., 2001). Enhanced glycine betaine accumulation in transgenic maize improves drought tolerance (Quan et al., 2004). In addition, glycine betaine might alleviate the effect of high-temperature stress, as the extent of heat-shock proteins has been found to be significantly reduced in transgenic Arabidopsis accumulating glycine betaine (Hayashi et al., 1998; Sakamoto and Murata, 2002). The accumulation of these compatible solutes involved in water stress in the mid-summer season may be an indicator of the overstressed status of mature tea plants subjected to repeated shade cultivation. Analysis of the profiles of the candidate biomarkers might enable prediction of whether shade cultivation is feasible in the next crop season.
overstressed
Metabolic disorders are a key problem in the transition period of dairy cows and often appear before the onset of further health problems. They mainly derive from difficulties the animals have in adapting to changes and disturbances occurring both outside and inside the organisms and due to varying gaps between nutrient supply and demand. Adaptation is a functional and target-oriented process involving the whole organism and thus cannot be narrowed down to single factors. Most problems which challenge the organisms can be solved in a number of different ways. To understand the mechanisms of adaptation, the interconnectedness of variables and the nutrient flow within a metabolic network need to be considered. Metabolic disorders indicate an overstressed ability to balance input, partitioning and output variables. Dairy cows will more easily succeed in adapting and in avoiding dysfunctional processes in the transition period when the gap between nutrient and energy demands and their supply is restricted. Dairy farms vary widely in relation to the living conditions of the animals. The complexity of nutritional and metabolic processes Animals 2015, 5 979 and their large variations on various scales contradict any attempts to predict the outcome of animals' adaptation in a farm specific situation. Any attempts to reduce the prevalence of metabolic disorders and associated production diseases should rely on continuous and comprehensive monitoring with appropriate indicators on the farm level. Furthermore, low levels of disorders and diseases should be seen as a further significant goal which carries weight in addition to productivity goals. In the long run, low disease levels can only be expected when farmers realize that they can gain a competitive advantage over competitors with higher levels of disease.
The combined strong hydraulic selection pressure (HSP) with overstressed organic loading rate (OLR) as a fast granulation strategy was used to enhance aerobic granulation. To investigate the wide applicability of this strategy to different scenarios and its relevant mechanism, different settling times, different inoculums, different exchange ratios, different reactor configurations, and different shear force were used in this study. It was found that clear granules were formed within 24 h and steady state reached within three days when the fast granulation strategy was used in a lab-scale reactor seeded with well settled activated sludge (Reactor 2). However, granules appeared after 2-week operation and reached steady state after one month at the traditional step-wise decreased settling time from 20 to 2 min with OLR of 6 g COD/Ld (Reactor 1). With the fast granulation strategy, granules appeared within 24 h even with bulking sludge as seed to start up Reactor 3, but 6-day lag phase was observed compared with Reactor 2. Both Reactor 2 and Reactor 3 experienced sigmoidal growth curve in terms of biomass accumulation and granule size increase after granulation. In addition, the reproducible results in pilot-scale reactors (Reactor 5 and Reactor 6) with diameter of 20 cm and height/diameter ratio (H/D) of 4 further proved that reactor configuration and fluid flow pattern had no effect on the aerobic granulation when the fast granulation strategy was employed, but biomass accumulation experienced a short lag phase too in Reactor 5 and Reactor 6. Although overstressed OLR was favorable for fast granulation, it also led to the fluffy granules after around two-week operation. However, the stable 6-month operation of Reactor 3 demonstrated that the rapidly formed granules were able to maintain long-term stability by reducing OLR from 12 g COD/Ld to 6 g COD/Ld. A mechanism of fast granulation with the strategy of combined strong HSP and OLR was proposed to explain results and guide the operation with this fast strategy.
Some arguments in education are endlessly recycled. Battles over homework, the best ways to teach math, school discipline and other hot-button issues wax and wane, but they never go away or get resolved. One of these hardy perennials is in full flower again: the myth of the overstressed child.
In sum, there is yawning gap between the media meme of the overstressed American teen and the reality. To his credit, Bruni acknowledges that overscheduling may indeed be a problem among "an ambitious, privileged subset of Americans." The mischief inevitably comes when the concerns of the worried well-off and privileged influence parenting and educational practice for the less well-off. Most children, particularly those from low-income families, are non-participants in the academic and extracurricular arms race.
A common method of single-ply membrane sheet layout is shown in Figure 1. A common placement of mechanical fasteners is shown in Figure 2. These concentrated line loads can severely overstress the steel deck and may also cause the steel joist below the deck to be overstressed under uplift loading. The behavior of such fastening systems, when the roof system is subjected to uplift loadings, is shown in Figure 3. The current trend in securement is for the membrane installer to mechanically fasten the membrane to the deck only along the edge of the sheet rolls to speed up the roof installation, thereby lowering installation costs. Unfortunately, the Structural Engineer of Record, and the steel deck and joist suppliers, are usually unaware of the concentrated load pattern of the roof membrane attachment. In fact, the architect of record may not be aware of the ramifications of such attachments. The Architectural roofing specifications may simply state that the roof membrane shall be installed per manufacturers recommendations. The roofing installers foreman is the one who generally decides on the exact layout of the membrane sheets on the roof. That decision is made based on what layout can be installed in the fastest and least expensive manner. Roofing suppliers and FM Global recommend the fastener line loads not be installed parallel to the deck ribs, but rather perpendicular to the deck flutes. Placing the lines of attachment parallel to the deck ribs will only load a one-foot width of the steel deck. This recommendation helps but may not eliminate potential severe overstress of the deck.
Many garage door torsion springs are overstressed. An overstressed spring is one that is rated at fewer than 10,000 cycles, the industry minimum standard. We recommend upgrading to springs that meet or exceed this standard. The following torsion springs in red are overstressed for 7-foot high garage doors with 4" cable drums. The green rows below denote replacement springs that meet industry standards.
You may also be able to find your overstressed spring by searching for it in the 6'6" door height list. If you can't find it there or in the chart below, contact us. We will find the torque ratings of your springs and recommend suitable higher cycle replacements. We may also ask questions about your door to make sure your measurements are correct. We will sell springs rated below the 10,000-cycle minimum, but we will not accept returns on any of these springs.
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